Last month was the world’s hottest January on record, E.U. scientists say

BRUSSELS — Last month was the world’s warmest January on record, continuing a streak of extreme global temperatures despite a shift toward the cooling La Niña weather pattern, European Union scientists said Thursday.

January extended a run of extraordinary heat, in which 18 of the last 19 months saw an average global temperature of more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times, the E.U.’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said in a monthly bulletin.

That was despite the world shifting from the El Niño warming pattern — which helped make 2024 the world’s warmest year on record — and turning toward its cooler La Niña counterpart, which involves the cooling of equatorial Pacific waters, and can curb global temperatures.

“The fact that we’re still seeing record temperatures outside of the influence of El Niño is a little surprising,” said Samantha Burgess, Strategic Lead at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, which runs the C3S service.

El Niño peaked more than a year ago, Burgess noted.

The global average temperature in January was 1.75C higher than in pre-industrial times.

Copernicus assesses that La Niña has not yet fully developed, and the world is currently in neutral conditions between the two phases. Other data models can vary, with U.S. scientists indicating last month that La Niña conditions had formed.

Even if La Niña does fully emerge, Burgess said its cooling effect might not be enough to temporarily curb global temperatures — which are also affected by factors such as the extreme heat seen in other ocean basins, and the main driver of climate change: emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases.

“By far and away the largest contributing factor to our warming climate is the burning of fossil fuels,” she said.

Scientists at Berkeley Earth and the UK Met Office have said they expect 2025 to be the third-warmest year on record — cooler than 2024 and 2023 because of the shift toward La Niña, though uncertainties remain about how the phenomenon will develop.

Globally, average sea surface temperatures in January were the second-highest on record for the month, exceeded only by January 2024.